Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species

The structural variety of the condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in the fruits of 16Diospyros species are reported. Eleven species contained condensed tannins mostly consisting of a mixture of catechin (CA) and gallocatechin (GCA) repeating units; the other five species did not. The GCA content in the CA-GCA total varied from 0.3% to 84.6%. The number of esterified gallic acid per one flavan repeating unit (degree of galloylation, DG) ranged from 0.01 to 0.89. The GCA content was found to be proportional to the DG values. Thus, 16Diospyros species tested may be classified into five groups by the analytical data of their condensed tannins. It may be interesting to compare their structural characteristics with those of the condensed tannins in other fruits, leaves, woods, and barks from the viewpoint of their biosynthesis and function in the plants.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1995     

Simple method for synthesizing phenolicβ-O-4 dilignols

A modified synthetic method for phenolic-O-4 lignin substructure model dimers was developed involving protection of the phenolic hydroxyl group of acetophenons with benzoyl chloride, bromination with 4-dimethylaminopyridiniumbromide perbromide, condensation with phenols in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether, condensation with paraformaldehyde, reduction with NaBH₄ and debenzoylation. This method results in shorter reaction times and increasing yields without the application of strict anhydrous and drastic conditions or chloric solvents. This alternative route could be applied to the-O-4 dilignol syntheses of four combinations of guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives.     

蚯蚓的化学成分与应用价值研究进展

综述了蚯蚓的化学成分及应用价值,旨在为蚯蚓的综合开发利用提供依据。     

高尔夫球手地方依恋符号性元素的识别与运用

运用隐喻抽取技术对高尔夫球手地方依恋的符号性元素进行了识别与定量研究。结果表明,高尔夫球手地方依恋有22个符号性元素,这些元素可分为风格、地理、参与、接待和文化五类,它们给球手带来"友谊"、"健康"、"愉悦"、"品质高"、"风景美"的终极体验。经营者要充分利用符号性元素的意义,着重打造球场基础设施、园林景观、服务接待和球会文化;积极挖掘联结构念的耦合价值,实现球手与球场的符号互动;主动创设高尔夫球手游憩氛围情境,避免球手地方依恋的中断或转移;结合球会自身特点,适时进行符号化运作。     

SPME/GC-MS法分析不同龙眼品种果实中的香气成分

采用 SPME/GC-MS法对4个龙眼品种果实香气成分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明，4个龙眼品种共检测出44种芳香物质，其中烷类11种，烯类18种，酯类10种，醇类3种，酮类1种，炔类1种，它们构成4种龙眼主要的香气成分。4个龙眼品种在香气组成和含量上有所差异，储良、东良、东丰、石硖中分别含有25种、24种、26种、21 种香气成分。其中，4种龙眼共有的香气成分有7种：分别是十七烷、罗勒烯(顺式)、罗勒烯(反式)、别罗勒烯、1,3,8-对-薄荷三烯、α-石竹烯、(E)-β-金合欢烯，但其相对含量都有所差异；此外，各品种也具有自己独特的香气成分，如储良特有的香气成分有9种：包括十六烷、2-甲基-4-亚甲基-5 -(2,2-二甲基环丙基)-1-戊烯、5-环丙基戊酸乙酯、二十酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、香叶基芳樟醇、芳樟醇、2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔；东丰特有的3种：包括1-碘十一烷、反式，反式-法尼基酸甲酯、2-羟基十二烷酸甲酯；石硖特有的4种：包括十一烷、(-)-异丁香烯、1,3,3-三甲基-2-乙基环己烯、喇叭茶醇；东良没有特有的香气成分。     

我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与 产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】明确主栽高产品种产量差异与产量构成、氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,对于通过选育优良品种,进一步优化养分管理和栽培措施,缩小产量差,以指导我国主要麦区小麦的高产优质生产。【方法】于2016—2017年度在我国黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游3个主要冬麦区进行田间试验,种植各麦区主栽高产品种,研究高产小麦品种产量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用之间的关系。【结果】黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游麦区籽粒产量均存在较大差异,分别介于7 751—8 702 kg·hm ^-2、7 302—8 413 kg·hm ^-2、5 554—到6 294 kg·hm ^-2。各麦区品种高产的原因不同,黄淮北片麦区,高产品种具有高的地上部生物量和收获指数,穗数也是高产的原因;黄淮南片麦区高的收获指数和穗粒数是高产的关键;长江中下游麦区高产的主要原因是高的收获指数和千粒重。黄淮北片麦区,高产品种有低的籽粒含氮量和需氮量以及高的氮生理效率;黄淮南片麦区,高产品种茎叶含磷量和需磷量较低,但磷生理效率和茎叶含钾量较高;长江中下游麦区,高产品种的籽粒含钾量低,籽粒含磷量和茎叶含磷钾量高,地上部氮磷吸收量高,磷生理效率低于而需磷量高于对照品种。【结论】总体来看,黄淮北片麦区鲁原118、黄淮南片濮麦168、长江中下游麦区华麦7号等具有较好的产量表现;在我国主要麦区,地上部生物量和收获指数仍是高产的关键,同时提高地上部养分吸收利用和养分收获指数,才能提高生理效率,降低养分需求量,实现小麦高产优质。     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.